Black Monday massacre in the courtyard of Al-Aqsa
Black Monday massacre in the courtyard of Al-Aqsa:
The official Israeli authorities proceeded on Monday the eighth of October 1990, to commit the hideous massacre / crime against Palestinian men, women and children and the elderly in the courtyard of the Al-Aqsa Mosque.
- The police, border guards, Israeli intelligence and Jewish settlers on their side, stormed the courtyards of the Haram Al-Sharif from different doors on Monday morning and surprised the Palestinian crowds which had gathered,
First: to pray,
Second: to try to address the gang of the “Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement[i],” led by “Gershon Salomon” to put the cornerstone for the alleged Third Jewish Temple in Al-Aqsa Square.
According to empirical evidence, concrete data and reliable certification, it was proven that the massacre was premeditated and planned by the Israeli authorities, who prepared all the necessary tools and preparations. As had always been the case, massacres against Palestinians are carried out at different times and stages.[ii]
It could be argued that the Israeli terrorist nature reached a new peak and manifested itself again in this carnage in the heart of Islam’s holiest shrine, and as manifested only two weeks earlier (but less bloodily) in the destructive / bloody overall campaign waged against the Bureij camp in the Gaza Strip, under the pretext of the killing of an Israeli reservist soldier. It manifested itself as well in the destructive / terrorist massacres committed by those authorities and forces against the Palestinian Arab people at different stages of the uprising, and in the stages before the outbreak of the intifada.
- Israeli forces started the massacre using all available weapons in their possession: bombs, poisonous gas, automatic weapons, and military helicopters. Soldiers, intelligence officers and settlers fired live ammunitions from machine guns, continuously and from all directions, in a coordinated and well-planned manner, leading to cram thousands of Palestiniansof all ages and both sexes, who were praying, into the trap of death and mass slaughter.
- Thus resulting in the fall of 23 Palestinians, and 850 others wounded, according to Palestinian sources based on Arab hospital statistics in occupied Jerusalem.”[iii]
4-3-1- Israeli reactions
The reactions of various Israeli parties, governmental, parliamentary, political groups and military levels was unanimous.
The all unanimously expressed “regret for the killing and wounding of a large number of Arabs and denunciate the Arab assault carried out by the Arab worshipers on Jewish worshipers in the courtyard of the Wailing Wall, which obliged the Israeli security forces to re-impose order and calm in the region[iv],
Moreover, we can sum up other statements composed of comments, reactions and analysis of the reasons the massacre was committed by the occupation authorities against Arab citizens in the courtyard of Al Haram Al Sharif, as follows:
– The correspondent of Al HaMishmar Israeli newspaper for Arab Affairs Pinhas Inbari said:
– “There is a direct link between the bloody events that took place in Al-Aqsa Square, and the Gulf crisis and the earlier we understand this fact, the more we avoid causing further unrest that may be more severe than those that have occurred.
– The extreme right in Israel is facing hardship, their attempt to put the cornerstone of the Third Temple reflects their frustration, we have the most right-winged government in Israel’s history: which is now leading to the campaign of a Greater Israel, crushing the uprising, deportation, and the establishment of the Third Jewish Temple, but this attempt is nonsense and involves damage.
– The Kuwait crisis also led to increased tension at the Haram Mosque, the process of provocation carried out by Gershon Salomon the leader of the Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement was enough to ignite Jerusalem even without increased tension in the mosques. “[v]
This confession of Inbari among few Israeli confessions, pointed to the intentions of the official Israeli authorities:
- Our people in Jerusalem and the occupied territories are facing together an Israeli right-winged government…
- They are facing together a campaign to achieve the Zionist dream and their big project in “Greater Israel”,
- They are facing bloody campaigns to crush the Palestinian uprising and to establish the Third Jewish Temple.
It is a comprehensive occupying war against the Palestinian people’s uprising in the occupied territories.
- The Israeli newspaper Maariv commented on the massacre, claiming:
“Same as happened in June 1967, there was a consensus in hatred, hatred of Arabs to the Jews”[vi]
- Haaretz newspaper mentioned in its main comment:
“Jerusalem has known violent incidents and bloodshed throughout the last twenty three years, but we have not seen such incidents before.
The explosion happened in the courtyard of Al Haram during the peak of the wave of events of renewable uprisings in the Jerusalem area, which is rather reminiscent of the first days of the uprising. Since several weeks, Jerusalem area faces daily about 40 incidents, and the injury of two Israelis, in addition to the burning of two Israeli vehicles and throwing Molotov cocktails, as well as demonstrations in which hundreds and not tens of citizens participate, as was the case at the beginning of the intifada. “[vii]
The newspaper Haaretz talked about the causes of the massacre, claiming: “The reasons for the escalation of the uprising in Jerusalem, could shed light on the latest events, in Jerusalem and in the West Bank, an agreement was reached recently between the Palestinian Liberation Organization and Hamas.
Against this background, the uprising saw a huge boost in Jerusalem, there is nothing other than Al Haram Al Qudsi which could bridge the rift in the Arab world, there is no other thing that can unify Arab ranks… the religious motive returned again to occupy the heart of the conflict.”
The newspaper Al HaMishmar commented about the religious factor and its role in the massacre: “There is no doubt that the religious factor stemming from the place of the incident will foster serious events expected by the Israeli security services in the coming weeks.”[viii]
In addition to the press comments, most Israeli official’s comments blame Arab citizens for the massacre:
- Chaim Herzog the president of the State of Israel said that: “These events demonstrate once again the sensitivity of the situation in this holy place, where the Government of Israel succeeded in achieving the desired balance and freedom of worship for many years. The established balance was disturbed yesterday by Islamic entities, there was a criminal attempt to touch the freedom of worship of the Jewish public, and we regret the loss of the life of many people as a result of this public incitement against Jewish worshipers…”[ix]
- Teddy Kollek the mayor of Jerusalem blamed Arab citizens and Shamir equally for the massacre, he said: “Sorry for the dead and wounded, there is a need to keep adjusting the nerves and balance in this city, The attack on a holy place for Jews is not bearable, same as the attack on the holy places for Christians and Muslims “.
Kollek also pointed out that “the words of Yitzhakn Shamir on the establishment of a new Jewish neighborhood on the Mount of Zeitoun, sparked a fear of expulsion among the Arabs and led to turbulence.”
- Isaac Peres the Minister of Immigrant Absorption and the leader of the Shas party, said at the time: ” Israel should deport those responsible for serious events from the square of Jabal Al Bayt to the outside and that the process of the brutal attack on Jewish worshipers at Alkawtal Square – the Wailing Wall – requires the Government of Israel to debate the Islamic Waqf in the Haram again.”[x]
- Rafael Eitan the Minister of agriculture and leader of the movement “Tzomet” and the owner of the “Arabs narcotic cockroaches” theory, requested “the Israeli government to call for a change in the arrangements of the Haram established since 1967, which are overseen by the Islamic Wakf.”[xi]
- Avner Shaki Minister of Religions in Israel at the time said: “the prime minister told me to ask on his behalf, the people of Israel, to come in groups to pray in Alkawtal. Square in the old town, and not to allow any foreign party to disturb their joy and to find a way to prevent the phenomenon of stones towards Jewish worshipers.”[xii]
– In a nutshell, most of the official Israeli parliamentary parties and political groups attitudes , consider Palestinian worshipers in the courtyard of Al-Aqsa Mosque responsible for the massacre, arguing that they “orchestrated the events” and they “attacked” the Jewish worshipers in the yard of the “Wailing Wall”, ignoring the series of provocations and continuous attacks carried out by members of Jewish terrorist organizations, from the Jewish settlement in Jerusalem, under the nose and cover of the police and border guards.
- As most Israelis demanded the Israeli government to take over the keys of the Haram, which directly happened in the aftermath of the massacre , and work on seizing it through the rebuilding of the so-called Third Temple.
– Those Israelis also demanded the deportation of large numbers of Palestinian citizens under the pretext of security and other pretexts.
This is the reality of Israeli politics and attitudes regarding Israeli practices against the Palestinian Arabs and their holy Islamic and Christian places, as it is the reality of the conflict of the occupying authorities.
- Report of the Zamir Committee
Complementing the official Israeli policy towards the massacre in Al-Haram Al-Sharif, this theatrical play was an attempt to justify that policy and provide legal cover in front of the local and international public opinion,
Yitzhak Shamir, the Israeli prime minister, formed a fact-finding committee on October 10, 1990 which he called the ” Zamir Committee” after its chairman Zvi Zamir, head of the Israeli Mossad earlier. Committee membership included agents of the ministries of Justice and the Interior..
The Israeli “investigation committee” mastered its entrusted role and drafted the legal cover required for the Israeli official position declared by the various Israeli forums, which condemned as mentioned above Arab worshipers at Al Aqsa Mosque, and justified the hysterical firing of ammunitions in order to reap the Arab citizens and kill them all.
Here, we do not intend to stand in the path and details of the theatrical investigation and its expected outcome before it comes out from the Committee”[xiii],
The key points contained in the report as presented in the Israeli press:
* “Zamir Committee identified in its conclusions, that thousands of Palestinian worshipers who came to the Temple, did not come to pray and they formed the main factor for the bloody events.
* The uncontrolled use of live ammunitions by the police forces, was fully justified by police men, whose lives were at risk.
* The Israeli government is responsible for public order and its guarantee in Jabal Al Bayt.
* The committee was not asked to make personal conclusions in the field of civil and criminal disciplinary responsibility, and does not have any right to make these conclusions. “[xiv]
Those were the main points of the report of the Zamir Committee, where the Committee held responsible for the massacre Palestinian worshipers who only defended themselves by throwing stones against the assault launched against them by the occupation forces,, using all kinds of weapons, bombs and helicopters .. all those forces .. and all those weapons were used against unarmed Palestinian men, women, children and elderly.. Despite all this, the Zamir Committee found a way to hold them responsible as expected.
The Committee also recommended that the Israeli government take over the responsibility for overseeing and managing the Islamic holy places instead of the Islamic Awqaf. The Israeli authorities have taken steps in this direction – that would be mentioned in a later stage.
It is useful while analyzing the role of the “Zamir Committee” and its aims to note the following facts:
– This Committee, is a pure Israeli committee,
This committee is headed by Zvi Zamir, former head of the Israeli Mossad, who is an ancient leader in the bloody terrorism against Palestinians and Arabs.
- The Committee was formed urgently to be essentially a cover to disguise the massacre and to create some sort of camouflage for it,
The use of live ammunitions against crowds of unarmed Palestinians was justified and the Committee played the role of the “judge and jury” at the same time. It is a monovision committee; it is not objective and is not expected to be this way.
– The method of forming a Committee is well-known and already proven,
Israeli authorities got used to forming such theatrical committees in the wake of bloody hideous massacres and mass murders carried out by the occupying forces over the previous timeframe. We coexisted with those plays carried out by investigative Israeli committees, which were formed, for example, in the aftermath of the genocides of Qibya, Kafr Kassem and Sabra and Shatila, in addition to committees and investigative files, which investigated hundreds of violations and killings committed by Israelis against the Palestinians in light of the Intifada.
– This is the Israeli thinking mechanism,
This is the real Israeli mentality behind the various Israeli practices against Palestinians and their rights in the occupied territory.
- Facts not mentioned by Zamir Committee
As soon as the report of the Zamir Committee was launched “The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the occupied territories”, known as “B’Tselem” hurried to issue the results of its own investigations on the reasons and objectives of the massacre. The Center addressed facts that were not mentioned, and ignored by the Zamir Committee due to previous planning and determination. The most important facts being:
– The Committee accessed the truth by gathering testimonies of witnesses from only one side, a fact that should be dealt with skepticism.
– B’Tselem refuted the statements of the police witnesses, before the committee, claiming that they did not see the Arab ambulances when they shot at them in the courtyard of the holy Al-Aqsa, and confirmed the testimony of the Arab nurse Fatima Abu Khudair who said she saw soldiers directing their guns towards the ambulances.
– The Committee did not seriously address in its report, the issue of firing live ammunitions towards Arab citizens and only talked about this issue in 200 words, while the report contains 60 pages.
– Israeli security forces shot towards Arab citizens, and not in a state of face to face confrontation.
– Unlike investigation committees which hold a specific legal status, the type of committees such as Zamir, has always been a toy in the hands of the political leadership, which is interested to come out clean of such the events.”[xv]
those are some of the facts deliberately and intentionally omitted by Zamir, as confirmed by the Israeli press, and, that is the conclusion confirmed by Davar newspaper on the same subject;that the Zamir Committee is a mock committee, a tool in the hands of the Israeli government, and which was formed promptly by Yitzhak Shamir in the light of the reactions of Arab and international pressures that accelerated in the wake of the Monday Massacre in the courtyard of the holy Aqsa.
4-3-2- Second: The international position on the massacre
In light of the barbaric genocide committed by the Israeli forces in the courtyard of the Holy Aqsa, and in the light of the exposure of the depth of involvement of the official authorities through its various units in the massacre. The United States and the allies of “Israel” in the UN Security Council could not cover up this Israeli crime or defend the position of “Israel” shamelessly and arrogantly as in the series of previous positions.
The massacre moved into the corridors of the Security Council very quickly, due to the efforts of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the initiatives of the Arab States. The administration of the United States could not support this Israeli crime, in light of the escalation of the Gulf crisis, and fierce hostilities against Iraq and the Arab nations. After the United States of America was able to recruit “international legitimacy” that was represented by the successive resolutions adopted by the Security Council against Iraq, and the alleged “Arab legitimacy”, and its diversion for the benefit of its aggressive policy, and its fierce crusade against Iraq and the Arab nations, the US administration has been unable to breach this balance. Therefore, under the pretext of adhering to international law, and satisfying Arab allies who rushed to line up in the American trench, and try to keep this ring and the international alliance against Iraq, the US position came as a maneuver and tactic supporting the Security Council resolution No.(672),that included a condemnation of Israel, and sending a committee to investigate the facts about the massacre that took place in the Haram.”[xvi]
This was the first time that the Security Council adopted a flexible resolution against “Israel” after the painful process which lasted much longer than what it should because of US objections and amendments.
a – Security Council Resolution No. (672)
After the blatant Israeli rejection of the mentioned resolution, a group of Arab countries and third world countries took the initiative to request from the Security Council to impose sanctions against “Israel” because of its rejection of the decision and the lack of commitment to “international legitimacy”
However, the United States intervened again with a number of allied nations and perfected its role from behind the scenes and was able to ease the wording of the initiative again, to reach the final version of the resolution as follows: – “… The Security Council expresses its alarm towards the Israeli government’s refusal to Council resolution number 672 (1990), and its refusal to accept the Secretary-General’s delegation…The Security Council condemns the Israeli government’s refusal to receive the Secretary-General’s delegation. The Security Council urges the Israeli government to reconsider its decision to fully comply with resolution 672 and to allow for the delegation of the Secretary-General to proceed according to the purpose requested, for the Secretary-General to be able to submit to the Council the report requested in resolution 672 .. and to confirm its intention to consider the full report promptly. [xvii]
The Israeli government also rejected the new resolution number (673) categorically, stressing that it will not receive any delegation from the United Nations,
Despite the attempts of the US administration to convince the Israeli government to receive a special envoy to the Secretary General of the United Nations for a fact-finding mission in the territories, the Israeli government kept on refusing the international delegation, formed by the special envoy to the Secretary-General which represents an international party, and demanded the Security Council to consider instead the report of the Zamir Committee formed by Shamir as enough.
In fact, after the report of the Zamir Committee came out, the Israeli government sent copies of it to the US administration and to members of the Security Council and Secretary-General of the United Nations,
The US administration examined the report and found many positive points in it. It also earned the praise and compliments and sufficiency of the United States administration.
However, the Secretary-General of the United Nations announced that it cannot consider the report of the Zamir Committee as enough and that “Israel” should abide by the application of international resolutions.
b- The initiative of the Secretary-General to protect the Palestinians :
Following the position of the Secretary-General of the United Nations regarding this matter, a new initiative was announced in early November 1990 “calling the countries of the United Nations to study ways to protect the Palestinian population in the occupied territories.”[xviii]
As in previous attitudes towards the Security Council resolutions, the Israeli government rejected a third time the initiative of the Secretary General of the United Nations,
As it was considered by many official Israeli platforms as worrisome and the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed its disappointment towards this initiative in a document that was delivered to foreign embassies and the Embassy of the United Nations in Israel.
According to Israel’s rejection document:
- Israel announces its disappointment of the one-sided attitude in the report; the recommendations included in it are only directed against Israel and did not invite concerned Palestinians to stop the violence.
- Above all, the unprecedented call for a meeting of signatories to the Geneva Convention is a dangerous policy and constitutes a dangerous intervention in the objectivity of a human important device.
- Israel is responsible under international law, to manage the regions and to impose law and order…
- Israel will not accept foreign parties to exploit the unfortunate incident based on provocation in order to mess with the Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem[xix]…
This is how Israel officially refused the resolutions of the Security Council and the initiatives of the Secretary-General. Israel continued its refusal policy every time on issues and decisions related to the rights of the Palestinians.
4-3-3- The Palestinian and Arab reactions
The hideous Palestinian massacre against Palestinians in the heart of the holy Haram shook up the Palestinian/Arab unity, inside the occupied territory, and beyond.
Overseas, PLO leaders, Jordan and Arab allies led the intensive diplomatic campaign in the corridors of the United Nations, which resulted in:
– Security Council resolutions number 672 and 673 that condemn Israel and request its international compliance,
– The initiative of the Secretary General calling to look for ways to protect Palestinians in occupied territories.
The two resolutions along with the initiative, achieved a diplomatic/political achievement for the organization and the Arab countries which stood by it and took the initiative in this issue.
In addition to this diplomatic/political role, the organization and Arab countries contributed to:
– Provide concentrated media coverage with broad details and dimensions of the complications of the Israeli massacre on the one hand,
– Expose the ugly face of Israel,
This resulted in the partial isolation of the Israeli entity on the level of the League Nations, despite intensive attempts by the US administration to alleviate the severity of the isolation and the level of ugliness of the Israeli face.
In addition to that, on 7/11/1990 the PLO took the initiative to invite the United Nations to convene an urgent meeting to discuss:
– The subject of protection of Palestinians in the occupied territory on the one hand,
– The question of imposing sanctions on “Israel” for refusing to implement Security Council resolutions on the other hand.
a – Testimonies and applications:
– The official Israeli narrative for Al-Aqsa massacre included three key items:
- The events of the Haram were planned and incited by the PLO leadership and were implemented by support from the inside.
- The incident occurred primarily as a result of Arab extremists attacking Jewish worshipers…
- Any Israeli mistake is due to the insufficient preparedness to face this Islamic conspiracy…[xx]
– The Zamir Committee highlighted the process to collect Palestinian worshipers who were killed in Al-Aqsa courtyard, were all unanimously gathered by the occupation forces which fired heavy machine-guns in order to reap the Arab worshipers and kill them,
“The massacre constituted a police assault against a group of Palestinian women near the Dome of the Rock”… etc.
- Saleh Abdel Jawad of Jerusalem confirmed during a lecture he gave on the evening of 05/11/1990 in the Scientific and CulturalCentre in the Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation, the following about the massacre:
“The massacre was planned in advance… There are several evidences of this, including: that the Israeli authorities prevented tourists from entering the Haram from eight o’clock in the morning … and then set up barriers to prevent the entry of citizens to the Haram .. Then shut the doors of the Haram… at 10:45 a.m. five tear gas bombs were set off near a group of Palestinian women without any provoked action from the Palestinian side or any Arab action. A number of young men ran to protect the women and the forces of the Haram entered from the Lions Gate and started shooting bullets heavily”[xxi], then he confirmed that “most of the injuries were in the head and the heart”.
- The Israeli magazine “Haolam Hazeh” published in a broad report the details of the massacre including the statement of a nurse called Fatima Abu Khudair who was hit by a bullet that shattered her wrist:
“…We entered Al-Aqsa courtyard in an ambulance, I saw a large number of victims on the ground… and then I saw a lot of soldiers, hundreds of soldiers, 30 meters away from the ambulance, sitting on their knees, as well as snipers, their weapons were directed to the inside of the ambulance, and after that I could not see anything.”[xxii]
– Doctor Mohammad Abu Aila, who was also shot by soldiers while he was doing his humanitarian duty said,
“I came out of the ambulance carrying a first aid bag, and I was wearing the white robe, the soldiers saw me and knew I was a doctor, when I reached one of the injured close to the ambulance, I leaned to treat him and was shot with three bullets on my back in the kidney area, at this same moment one of the injured died and I could have saved him hadn’t I got shot…”
– One of the caretakers of the Haram said,
“… In the courtyard of Al-Aqsa, a number of young men sang religious songs and repeated religious slogans, and suddenly the place was filled with poisonous gas bombs.”
- A citizen Hisham Al-Netsheh, who was shot in the neck, said:
“They fired on all worshipers who were praying and from all directions,”[xxiii]
– The nurse Mahmoud Al Masri affirmed what Al-Netsheh said:
“They fired without any prior provocation, the soldiers criticized the issue of throwing stones.”
– We summarize here the entire testimonies and comments of Palestinians through the statements of Sheikh Ikrima Sabri, the Imam of Al-Aqsa, delivered in a lecture at the Al-Jozoor Club in Umm al-Fahm:
“Since the Crusaders campaign, Al-Aqsa did not experience such a massacre., it is a black stain on the forehead of Zionism which we must emphasize day and night in order to reveal the truth about Israel’s rulers who are directly responsible for the massacre …
Muslim worshipers did not throw stones on worshipers located on the courtyard of the Western Wall as the police cleared the place of Jewish worshipers before that even happened. the picture broadcasted by Israeli television is an archival image. “[xxiv]
Those are the Palestinian facts about the massacre full of blood of women, children and elderly Palestinians, who bled a lot, as evidenced by the details contained in the reports about the massacre.
b- Report of the Supreme Islamic Council:
The commission responsible for finding and gathering the facts emanating from the Supreme Islamic Council in Jerusalem, declared later in the same month the results of the investigation it conducted on the massacre. It dropped all the allegations of the Israeli Zamir Committee, and reinforced, on the other hand, the testimonies and statements of Arab eyewitnesses about the pre-planning of the massacre.
- “The tragic events of Martyrs’ Day, on Monday, 08/10/1990 were not spontaneous incidents, but planned actions by the leadership of the border guards and the police.
- Indiscriminate and heavy shooting which was brutal and barbaric with the purpose to kill, without any justification or distinction of women, children, elderly, trees or stones. Sniping was used as well, and snipers targeted the head and chest.
- The number of deaths reached eighteen, and hundreds of Palestinians were wounded and detained.
- Muslims threw stones at the soldiers to defend themselves after they were shot at with live bullets and gas bombs. “[xxv]
– The Palestinians of the occupied territories, were frustrated, cynical and indifferent to the results of the Zamir Committee which investigated the massacre of Al-Aqsa Stressing:
“If the judge is your enemy to whom will you complain?”[xxvi]
– Adnan Husseini, director of the Jerusalem Awqaf said:
“To blame the responsibility on Palestinians was expected. We’ve realized since the first day of the formation of the Zamir Committee… that it is an amputated report that did not take into account the provocations directed at the Muslim presence in Al-Aqsa.”[xxvii]
– Anwar al-Khatib, one of the heads of the Supreme Islamic Council confirmed:
” The results of the Zamir Committee report is not a surprise. It is clear that the real responsible person for every incident is Shamir and his policy,”[xxviii]
– Khaled al-Ashab, a resident from the Old City of Jerusalem said:
” The Zamir Committee results are the same as the results of previous committees on massacres – Kafr Kassem, Qibya, Sabra and Shatila – and subsequent massacres. “[xxix]
– Many Palestinians had the same opinion as Khaleds’ and sarcastically commented on the results of the Zamir Committee, saying:
“The results were objective, because the police did not shoot in the air this time, it seems Palestinians have ceased to walk in the air …”[xxx]
[i]. The Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel) Faithful Movement is an Orthodox Jewish movement, based in Jerusalem, Israel whose goal is to rebuild the Third Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and re-institute the practice of ritual sacrifice.
[ii]. Regarding this issue, see the full text of the report of the fact-finding committee emanating from the Supreme Islamic Council in Jerusalem.
[iii]. Report of the Committee for Israeli repression and the events of the intifada, Palestinian Information Office / Amman 30/10/1990.
[iv]. About the official Israeli position, see Hebrew newspapers on 9-10/ 10/1990.
[v]. Al-Hamichmar Hebrew Newspaper, 09/10/1990.
[vi]. Maariv Hebrew newspaper 9/10/1990.
[vii]. Haaretz Hebrew newspaper 9/10/1990.
[viii]. Al-Hamichmar Hebrew newspaper 9/10/1990.
[ix]. Dafar Hebrew newspaper 9/10/1990.
[x]. Yediot aharonot newspaper 9/10/1990.
[xi]. Maariv Hebrew newspaper 9/10/1990.
[xii]. Dafar Hebrew newspaper 9/10/1990.
[xiii]. See the full text of the report of Zamir’s Committee in the Hebrew newspapers dated 29/10/1990.
[xiv]. Al-Hamichmar Hebrew Newspaper, 28/10/1990.
[xv]. Arab newspapers dated 29/10/1990.
[xvi]. Security Council resolution Number 672.
[xvii]. Jordanian constitution newspaper 25/11/1990.
[xviii]. Ra’y Jordanian newspaper 7/11/1990.
[xix]. Dafar Hebrew newspaper 5/11/1990, see the full Israeli document.
[xx]. Investigation about Al-Aqsa massacre, seventh day magazine, 22/10/1990.
[xxi]. Dr. Salah Abdul Jawad, Jerusalem, Conference entitle: Details about Al-Aqsa massacre, Scientific Cultural Center, Shoman Foundation, 5/11/1990, Amman.
[xxii]. Haolam Hazeh Hebrew newspaper, 17/10/1990.
[xxiii]. Haotam Hebrew newspaper 19/10/1990.
[xxiv]. Al-Hamichmar Hebrew Newspaper 23/10/1990.
[xxv]. The full text of the fact-finding, Al Ra’y Jordanian newspaper 03.11.1990.
[xxvi]. Fajr Palestinian Newspaper 29/10/1990.
[xxvii]. Jordanian constitution newspaper 29/10/1990.
[xxviii]. Yediot Ahronot Hebrew newspaper, 28/10/1990.
[xxix]. Jordanian constitution newspaper 29/10/1990.
[xxx]. Ibid.